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If in America one is as much influenced by an interest in the facts themselves as by a desire to write, one must certainly be pleased to see the excellent American Historical Review published at Columbia, and edited by Charles Boxer, whose reports of the sesions of the International Congress of Americanists and the Archives of the Indies particularly attest the admirable condition in which the publication is kept. One must also take pleasure in seeing, in the present issue, for example, the work of Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Armada, the self-analysis of which, due to its sincere candor, is positively edifying, but which nevertheless leaves one with only the desire to read more volumes like it by this author. But there are no less important things to tell us concerning the state of this branch of historiography in Latin America. At Cuzco, one feels the presence of a historic school, directed by the young scholar Moises Bertossi, who, in a work which we have been following with considerable interest, has studied the part played by the fortress of Inca Roca, as well as the question of the formation of the Inca state. He has, moreover, consulted all the ancient sources available and has illustrated his work with superb engravings.
Each of the chroniclers groups the events of the Spanish conquest of Peru and the establishment of the colonial regime into periods. These include, in chronological order: First, those covering the events of the conquest, followed by a period of disorder and a second period of consolidation. [85] A convenient chronological chart is given in the G.N.T., the most recent edition of the Gaceta de Noticia de los Tiupís, and in the Gaceta de Mercaderes. The former has been reprinted in full by T.P. Parker, and the latter is now available in a bilingual edition in print, entitled Archivo histórico colonial de los domicilios de Nueva España y del Reino de Guatemala (3 vols., Guatemala, 1929). The tables of the Gaceta de Mercaderes follow a simplified system of dates: The years of the Spanish calendar are represented by two-digit numbers. The first digit corresponds to the year AD and is the last number of the Anno Domini (AD) era, whereas the second number represents the year of the emperor. The years are therefore divided into indictiones and centurias.
The native population, including the South American Indians, was diverse and varied in that it included the native Indios, the Spaniard, the whites, the marranos, and mixed races. [100] The racial composition of the indigenous population changed constantly. [101] The Incas, before and after the Spanish conquest, were composed of subjects of three different races, with the Nuccas or Quechuas, the Aymaraes or Lloques, and the Huancas or Warucos constituting their dominant element. Yet, though the Incas were of three races, they had prevailed with the Aymaraes, probably by virtue of their superior organization. They could claim to be the greatest imperial power of all, even though their empire did not extend beyond the central cordillera. According to Vaca de Castro, the dominion of the Incas extended from Cuzco to Illapu, and from Tacana to the coast. Their empire was so great that it was the greatest empire to exist in America until the creation of the states. It was a reign of singular tranquillity. [102] In the words of a Spanish writer, “The wretched Spaniards lived among a gentle and happy people.” [103] They were sufficiently well-off that they did not have to go beyond the coast without resources. [104] There were cities with gold, pearl-shell and oyster fisheries, vineyards that produced the best wine of the Indies, and a very fertile soil. [105] The Incas governed in peace and justice, and the Indians never experienced any evils or misfortunes, nor did they commit any iniquity. [106] There were conquests and invasions which threatened the empire, but never did they reach the heart of the country or subdue it. [107] At the close of the sixteenth century, there were left in the empire three races of men of a different origin, those of the Incas, the Spaniards, and the marranos. The Incas and the Spaniards were a homogeneous people, speaking a common language, the Indian Quechua. Hence the Nuccas and the Aymaraes, though they lived in different places and different from the Spaniards, accepted one another. [108] 5ec8ef588b
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